{"id":6042,"date":"2017-08-29T14:16:26","date_gmt":"2017-08-29T08:46:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mynation.net\/docs\/?p=6042"},"modified":"2017-08-29T14:16:26","modified_gmt":"2017-08-29T08:46:26","slug":"3860-2007","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mynation.net\/docs\/3860-2007\/","title":{"rendered":"Whether unethical conduct of advocate amounts to moral turpitude?"},"content":{"rendered":"

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA<\/strong><\/p>\n

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
\nCIVIL APPEAL NO. 3860 OF 2007<\/p>\n

T.A. KATHIRU KUNJU
\nV
\nJACOB MATHAI & ANR<\/p>\n

Dated:February 16, 2017.
\nCitation: AIR 2017 SC 1041,(2017)5 SCC 755<\/p>\n

The present appeal preferred under Section 38 of the Advocates Act, 1961 (for brevity, ‘the Act’) assails the correctness of the order dated 15.10.2006 passed by the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India in BCI TR Case No.138 of 2005 whereby the said authority has found the appellant guilty of gross negligence in discharge of his professional service to the client and accordingly imposed the punishment of reprimand with a further stipulation that he shall pay a sum of Rs.5,000\/- to the Bar Council of India and an equivalent amount to the complainant within two weeks’ time from the date of receipt of the order failing which he would stand suspended from practising for a period of six months.<\/p>\n

2. As the factual score would unroll, the respondent-complainant engaged the appellant as advocate in respect of a matrimonial dispute and during the pendency of the matrimonial case, the wife of the respondent breathed her last due to kidney failure in the year 2002. The appellant advised the complainant-respondent that as the wife had expired, there was no justification to prosecute any further the case for divorce and it was advisable to withdraw the said litigation. In the meantime, the respondent engaged him to file a complaint under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (for short, ‘the N.I. Act’) as a cheque issued by one Ramachandran in favour of the respondent for a sum of Rs.75,000\/- (Rupees seventy five thousand only) had been dishonoured. It is not in dispute that the appellant thought it appropriate not to file a complaint under the N.I. Act but he felt it apposite to file a complaint case before the competent Magistrate under Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code and accordingly he did so. As is demonstrable, the learned Magistrate directed investigation to be conducted under Section 156(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The eventual result of the said investigation has not been brought on record.<\/p>\n

3. At this stage, the respondent filed a complaint before the Bar Council of Kerala, principally alleging that the cheque that was handed over to the appellant to initiate criminal action against Ramachandran under Section 138 of the NI Act was not returned to him. On the basis of complaint received, a disciplinary proceeding was initiated against him and eventually the Disciplinary Committee issued a memo of charges on the appellant. It is seemly to reproduce the same :-<\/p>\n

\u201cMEMO OF CHARGES
\n\u201cThat Sri Jacob Mathai, Kachirackal House,
\nMarampally, Always entrusted with you to file a
\ncase under the provisions of Negotiable
\nInstruments Act against Sri. Ramachandran,
\nNedumpally House, Marampally for bouncing of
\ncheque dated 04.09.2002; and that you have not
\nfiled the case under N I Act; and that the
\nThandiyittaparambu police station directed the
\ncomplainant to produce the said cheque to the
\nsaid police, but you didn’t return it so far; and
\nyou did it so on the offer of the said
\nRamachandran to pay you Rs.10,000\/- and
\nthereby you had committed professional and4
\nother misconduct punishable u\/s 35 of the
\nAdvocats Act, 1961.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

4. The said memo of charges is dated 22.8.2004. As the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of Kerala could not complete the proceeding within a span of one year, the matter stood transferred to Bar Council of India where it was registered as BCI TR Case No.138 of 2005. Before the Disciplinary Committee, the complainant examined himself and asserted that the appellant was under legal obligation to file the complaint under Section 138 of the NI Act and further, he was obligated to return the cheque. The appellant, in the cross examination before the Disciplinary Committee, stated that he was entrusted with the original cheque along with the photostat copies and the original cheque was handed over to the investigating agency when the investigation commenced in pursuance of the direction issued under Section 156(3) Cr.P.C. by the learned Magistrate. The Disciplinary Committee adverted to the facts and held as follows :-<\/p>\n

\u201cBut, however, the Advocate in his professional
\ncapacity while discharging the duties is to be
\ndoubly careful in dealing such matters.
\nAccording to his own evidence, he has stated that5
\nhe has returned some cheque to the complainant
\nand he is unable to prove which cheque he has
\nreturned. Though he stated the cheque which he
\nhas returned was not the subject matter of the
\ncomplaint, but he failed to et (sic) an
\nacknowledgment from the respondent for having
\nreturned the cheque. It is a well settled law that
\na person who is throwing allegation against
\nanother person, the burden of proof is on the part
\nof the complainant who is throwing the
\nallegation. Here in this case, the complainant
\nhad not proved his case beyond reasonable doubt
\nand hence we are not inclined to give severe
\npunishment to the respondent herein.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

5. While expressing the aforesaid opinion, the Disciplinary Committee observed that as the appellant was an advocate, he should have been more careful and, therefore, he was guilty of gross negligence and accordingly imposed the punishment as has been indicated hereinbefore.<\/p>\n

6. On a perusal of the analysis of the findings returned by the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India, it is evident that it has taken exception to one aspect, namely, the appellant had not obtained the acknowledgment of the cheque from the respondent. Be it noted, the Disciplinary Committee did not think it appropriate to advert to the fact whether the cheque was handed over to the police for the6 purpose of investigation. That apart, the Committee has also not adverted to any other aspect, and correctly so, as nothing else was brought in evidence.<\/p>\n

7. It is submitted by Mr. Sanjay Parikh, learned counsel for the appellant, that when the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India has unequivocally arrived at the conclusion that it is a case of mere negligence which is also evincible, a punishment as envisaged under Section 35 could not have been imposed. He would further submit that disciplinary authority has erroneous stamped it as gross negligence which makes the order absolutely indefensible. He has commended us to a Constitution Bench decision in the matter of Mr. ‘P’ an Advocate, Re v.1 ]. That apart, he has also placed reliance on a three Judge Bench decision in P.D. Khandekar vs. Bar Council of Maharashtra, Bombay & Ors.2.<\/p>\n

8. Ms. K. Sarda Devi, learned counsel for the respondent supported the order passed by the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India.<\/p>\n

9. Section 35 of the Act reads as under :-<\/p>\n

\u201c35. Punishment of advocates for misconduct (1)
\nWhere on receipt of a complaint or otherwise a
\nState Bar Council has reason to believe that any
\nadvocate on its roll has been guilty of professional
\nor other misconduct, it shall refer the case for
\ndisposal of its disciplinary committee.
\n(1A) The State Bar Council may, either of its
\nown motion or on application made to it by any
\nperson interested, withdraw a proceeding
\npending before its disciplinary committee and
\ndirect the inquiry to be made by any other
\ndisciplinary committee of that State Bar Council.
\n(2) The disciplinary committee of a State Bar
\nCouncil shall fix a date for the hearing of the
\ncase a notice thereof to be given to the advocate
\nconcerned and to the Advocate General of the State.
\n(3) The disciplinary committee of a State Bar
\nCouncil after giving the advocate concerned and
\nthe Advocate \u2013General an opportunity of being
\nheard, may make any of the following orders,namelya.
\nDismiss the complaint or, where the
\nproceedings were initiated at the instance of the
\nState Bar Council, direct that the proceedings be filed.
\nb. Reprimand the advocate
\nc. Suspend the advocate from practice for such
\nperiods as it may deem fit.
\nd. Remove the name of the advocate from the
\nState roll of advocates
\n(4) Where an advocate is suspended from
\npractice under clause (c) of sub section (3) he
\nshall, during the period of suspension, be
\ndebarred from practicing in any court or before
\nany authority or person in India. 8
\n(5) Where any notice is issued to the
\nAdvocate-General under sub-section (2) the
\nAdvocate \u2013General may appear before the
\ndisciplinary committee of the State Bar Council
\neither in person or through any advocate
\nappearing on his behalf.
\nExplanation – In this section, section 37 and
\nsection 38 the expression “Advocate-General” and
\n“Advocate-General of the State” shall, in relation
\nto the Union territory of Delhi, mean the
\nAdditional Solicitor General of India.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

10. On a plain reading of the aforesaid provision, it is clear as crystal what punishment is to be imposed in case of misconduct. In the case at hand, as we find, that a conclusion has been arrived at by the Disciplinary Authority that it is a case of gross negligence at the hands of the appellant. As urged by Mr. Parikh, it is only required to be seen whether it is a mere negligence or gross negligence. 11. The Constitution Bench, in the matter of Mr. ‘P’ an Advocate, (supra) has ruled that mere negligence or error of judgment on the part of an advocate would not amount to professional misconduct. It has been further held therein that error of judgment cannot be completely eliminated in all human affairs and mere negligence may not necessarily show that the advocate who is guilty of it can be charged with misconduct. The Constitution Bench, as is demonstrable, has drawn a distinction between ‘negligence’ and the ‘gross negligence’. We think it appropriate to reproduce the said passage. It is as follows:-<\/p>\n

\u201cBut different considerations arise where the
\nnegligence of the Advocate is gross. It may be that
\nbefore condemning an Advocate for misconduct,
\ncourts are inclined to examine the question as to
\nwhether such gross negligence involves moral
\nturpitude or delinquency. In dealing with this
\naspect of the matter, however, it is of utmost
\nimportance to remember that the expression
\n“moral turpitude or delinquency” is not to receive
\na narrow construction. Wherever conduct proved
\nagainst an Advocate is contrary to honesty, or
\nopposed to good morals, or is unethical, it may be
\nsafely held that it involves moral turpitude. A
\nwillful and callous disregard for the interests of
\nthe client may, in a proper case, be characterised
\nas conduct unbefitting an Advocate. In dealing
\nwith matters of professional propriety, we cannot
\nignore the fact that the profession of law is an
\nhonourable profession and it occupies a place of
\npride in the liberal professions of the country.
\nAny conduct which makes a person unworthy to
\nbelong to the noble fraternity of lawyers or makes
\nan Advocate unfit to be entrusted with the
\nresponsible task of looking after the interests of
\nthe litigant, must be regarded as conduct
\ninvolving moral turpitude. The
\nAdvocates-on-record like the other members of
\nthe Bar Advocates are Officers of the Court and
\nthe purity of the administration of justice
\ndepends as much on the integrity of the Judges
\nas on the honesty of the Bar. That is why in
\ndealing with the question as to whether an
\nAdvocate has rendered himself unfit to belong to
\nthe brotherhood at the Bar, the expression “moral
\nturpitude or delinquency” is not to be construed
\nin an unduly narrow and restricted sense.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

[Emphasis Supplied]<\/p>\n

12. On a careful reading of the aforesaid passage, it is quite clear that concept of \u201cgross negligence\u201d cannot be construed in a narrow or a restricted sense. It is because honesty of an Advocate is extremely significant. The conduct of an Advocate has to be worthy so that he can be called as a member of the noble fraternity of lawyers. It is his obligation to look after the interest of the litigant when is entrusted with the responsible task in trust. An Advocate has to bear in mind that the profession of law is a noble one. In this regard, we may fruitfully refer to what has been stated in Sanjiv Datta Dy. Secy. Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, In re.3:-<\/p>\n

\u201cThe legal profession is a solemn and serious occupation.
\nIt is a noble calling and all those who
\nbelong to it are its honourable members. Although
\nthe entry to the profession can be had by
\nacquiring merely the qualification of technical
\ncompetence, the honour as a professional has to
\nbe maintained by its members by their exemplary
\nconduct both in and outside the court. The legal
\nprofession is different from other professions in
\nthat what the lawyers do, affects not only an individual
\nbut the administration of justice which is
\nthe foundation of the civilised society. Both as a
\nleading member of the intelligentsia of the society
\nand as a responsible citizen, the lawyer has to
\nconduct himself as a model for others both in his
\nprofessional and in his private and public life.
\nThe society has a right to expect of him such
\nideal behaviour. It must not be forgotten that the
\nlegal profession has always been held in high esteem
\nand its members have played an enviable
\nrole in public life. The regard for the legal and judicial
\nsystems in this country is in no small measure
\ndue to the tireless role played by the stalwarts
\nin the profession to strengthen them. They
\ntook their profession seriously and practised it
\nwith dignity, deference and devotion. If the profession
\nis to survive, the judicial system has to be
\nvitalised. No service will be too small in making
\nthe system efficient, effective and credible.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

13. Slightly recently in Dhanraj Singh Choudhary v. National Vishwakarma , it has been observed:-<\/p>\n

\u201cThe legal profession is a noble profession. It is
\nnot a business or a trade. A person practising law
\nhas to practise in the spirit of honesty and not in
\nthe spirit of mischief-making or money-getting.
\nAn advocate\u2019s attitude towards and dealings with
\nhis client have to be scrupulously honest and
\nfair.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

14. There can be no doubt that nobility, sanctity and ethicality of the profession has to be kept uppermost in the mind of an Advocate. Keeping that primary principle in view, his conduct has to be weighed. There the approach of appreciating the evidence brought on record and the yardstick to be applied, become quite relevant. A three-Judge Bench in P.D Khandekar (supra) while dealing with the scope of an appeal preferred under Section 38 of the Act, ruled that in an appeal under Section 38, this Court in a general rule, cannot interfere with the concurrent finding of fact by the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India and the State Bar Council unless the finding is based on no evidence or it proceeds on mere conjectures and surmises. The Court has further laid down that finding in such disciplinary proceedings must be sustained by a higher degree of proof than that required in civil suits, yet falling short of the proof required to sustain a conviction in a criminal prosecution; and there should be convincing preponderance of evidence. We must immediately note with profit that the said principle is absolutely significant. The Court has stressed upon the rule to be applied for acceptance or treating the finding defensible by the Disciplinary Committee of Bar Council. In this regard it is fruitful to reproduce the following passage from the said authority:-<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is a world of difference between the giving
\nof improper legal advice and the giving of wrong
\nlegal advice. Mere negligence unaccompanied by
\nany moral delinquency on the part of a legal
\npractitioner in the exercise of his profession does
\nnot amount to professional misconduct. In re A
\nVakil, Coutts Trotter, C.J. followed the decision13
\nin re G. Mayor Cooke and said that:
\n“Negligence by itself is not professional
\nmisconduct; into that offence there must
\nenter the element of moral delinquency. Of
\nthat there is no suggestion here, and we are
\ntherefore able to say that there is no case to
\ninvestigate, and that no reflection adverse to
\nhis professional honour rests upon Mr. M.’,
\nThe decision was followed by the Calcutta
\nHigh Court in re An Advocate, and by the
\nAllahabad High Court in the matter of An
\nAdvocate of Agra and by this court in the
\nmatter of P. An Advocate.
\nThe decision was followed by the Calcutta High
\nCourt In re An Advocate [AIR 1955 CAL 484], and
\nby the Allahabad High Court In the matter of An
\nAdvocate of Agra [AIR 1940 All 289] and by this
\nCourt In the matter of P. An Advocate [AIR 1934
\nRang 33]\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

15. It is urged by Mr. Parikh that when no finding is returned that the cheque was kept back by the appellant, there is no gross negligence. On the contrary, as he would submit, it was handed over to the investigating agency which was directed by learned Magistrate to carry out the investigation under Section 156(3) CrPC. His only fault is that he could not get the acknowledgment.<\/p>\n

16. Ms. K. Sarda Devi, learned counsel for the respondent, per contra, would urge that the case of the respondent is squarely covered by the dictum of the Constitution Bench inasmuch as the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India has held that there was gross-negligence on the part of the appellant.<\/p>\n

17. On a studied scrutiny of the evidence in this context, the factual score, the act of the present appellant cannot be treated to be in the realm of gross negligence. It would be only one of negligence. The tenor of the impugned order, as we notice, puts the blame on the appellant on the foundation that he had not received the acknowledgment. He has offered an explanation that he had given the cheque to the police. There has been no delineation in that regard. That apart, there is no clear cut analysis on deliberation on gross negligence by the advocate. The Disciplinary Committee found the appellant guilty of gross-negligence as he had failed to get the acknowledgment from the complainant-respondent. The examples given by the Constitution Bench are of different nature. In the obtaining factual matrix, therefore, we are unable to accept the conclusion arrived at by the Disciplinary Authority of the Bar Council of India that the negligence is gross. Hence we are impelled not to accept the submission advanced by learned counsel for the respondent.<\/p>\n

18. Thus analysed, we are disposed to allow the appeal and accordingly, we so direct and the order passed by the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India is set aside. Though we have set aside the order, on a suggestion being made, Mr. Sanjay Parikh, learned counsel for the appellant, agreed that the amount paid to the complainant need not be refunded. The amount that has been deposited to the Bar Council of India shall be refunded by the Bar Council of India. There shall be no order as to costs.<\/p>\n

(Dipak Misra)
\n(R. Banumathi)
\nNew Delhi;
\nFebruary 16, 2017.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 3860 OF 2007 T.A. KATHIRU KUNJU V JACOB MATHAI & ANR Dated:February 16,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1091,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_customify_content_layout":"","_customify_sidebar":"","_customify_page_header_display":"","_customify_disable_header":"","_customify_disable_header_top":"","_customify_disable_header_main":"","_customify_disable_header_bottom":"","_customify_disable_page_title":"","_customify_disable_content_vertical_padding":"","_customify_disable_footer_top":"","_customify_disable_footer_main":"","_customify_disable_footer_bottom":"","_customify_breadcrumb_display":"","_customify_header_transparent_display":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[50122,50121,14151,50124,26785,3176,49939,49938,15911,25883,54445,49,1747,50125,50127,50126,144,54447,50131,14171,113,13331,45108,3814,14170,54446],"class_list":["post-6042","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-judgments","tag-489a-help","tag-498a-free-advice","tag-498a-judgments","tag-498a-legal-support","tag-498a-support","tag-bar-council","tag-clause","tag-code-of-criminal-procedure-crpc","tag-cpc","tag-dipak-misra","tag-disciplinary-committee","tag-divorce","tag-dv-act","tag-dv-act-judgments","tag-dv-act-legal-support","tag-dv-act-support","tag-ipc","tag-jacob-mathai","tag-l","tag-negotiable-instruments-act","tag-petition","tag-petitioner","tag-r-banumathi","tag-section","tag-section-138","tag-t-a-kathiru-kunju"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mynation.net\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6042","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mynation.net\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mynation.net\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mynation.net\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1091"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mynation.net\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6042"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/mynation.net\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6042\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mynation.net\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6042"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mynation.net\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6042"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mynation.net\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6042"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}